Glossary


CHAPTER 1. CLIMATE, TERRITORY AND POPULATION

Ageing index

The number of persons 60 years old or over per hundred persons under age 15.

Catastrophic Occurrences, Losses and Relief

The Department of Disaster Management provides relief assistance in cash or/and in kind to those who suffered from natural and manmade disasters such as fire, floods, cyclone, earthquake, thunderstorm, landslide, conflict and others. The provision of assistance is based on the amount destructions which are confirmed by the local administrative authorities or/and regional the Department of Disaster Management.

Causes of Fire and Losses

Fire Services Department reports every month on its activities to the Ministry of Home Affairs for information and extension of relief to the victims.

Child Dependency Ratio

The ratio of child population (people younger than 15 years) to the productive-age population(aged 15-64).

Dependency ratio

The number of dependent population per 100 working-age population.

District

States and Regions are divided into districts, which in turn are subdivided into townships then towns, wards and villages.

Foreigners residing

A person who is not a citizen of Myanmar in which he or she is residing or temporarily staying.

Mean Maximum Temperature

The average daily maximum air temperature, for each month and as an annual statistics, calculated over all years of record.

Mean Minimum Temperature

The long-term average daily minimum air temperature observed during a calendar month and over the year.

Mean Relative Humidity Percent

Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum (highest point) for that temperature.

Mean Temperature

The average daily maximum and maximum air temperature, for each month and as an annual statistics, calculated over all years of record.

Monthly Mean Temperature

The average of the mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures.

Old Age Dependency Ratio

People aged above 65 years as a share of working-age population (aged 15-64). Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population.

Population density

The Population density relates to the number of person in a give administrative area to the surface of the area, expressed in square kilometers (km2).

Rainfall

The amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage.

Region

It is a specific area defined by having its own characteristics.

Relative Humidity Percent

Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum (highest point) for that temperature.

Rural Area

Areas classified by the General Administration Department as village tracts. Generally they are areas with low population density and a land use which is predominantly agricultural.

State

The territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of nation.

Total Dependency Ratio

A measure of the portion of a population which is composed of dependents (people who are too young or too old to work). It's equal to the number of people aged below 15 or above 64 divided by the number of individuals aged 15 to 64, expressed as a percentage. It is the sum of the youth dependency ratio and the old-age dependency ratio.

Total Population

It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all persons who were within the borders of Myanmar on the night of 29th March 2014 (Census Night). All Myanmar people working in its embassies abroad and their families were counted in the census. The estimates of people who were not enumerated in a few areas in Shan State, Kachin State and Kayin State in the census.

Town

An urban area with a fixed boundary that is smaller than a city or any more urbanized center than the place of reference.

Township

An administrative division of a country.

Urban Area

Areas classified by the General Administration Department as wards. Generally these areas have an increased density of building structures, population and better infrastructural development.

Village

The region where the boundary is stipulated and formed under the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law which is not included in the estate within the relevant town boundary.

Village Tract

It is a group of adjacent villages.

Ward

A division or district of a city or town, as for administrative or political purposes.


CHAPTER 2. HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE

Certified Veterinarian

A person who has been certified and is employed by a licensed veterinarian.

Child Malnourishment: NCHS and WHO Standards

Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced new child growth standards for use in deriving indicators of nutritional status, such as stunting, wasting and underweight. These standards are based on the growth of infants from six different regions of the world who were fed according to WHO and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) feeding recommendations, had a non-smoking mother, had access to primary health care and did not have any serious constraints on health during infancy or early childhood 3-6. It is recommended that these new growth standards replace the previously recommended international growth reference devised by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in the United States. The prevalence of malnutrition estimated using WHO standards is expected to differ from that based on the NCHS growth reference because there are differences in median weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height between the two.(http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/1/08-057901/en/)

Development of Border Area and National Races

Progress of Border Areas and National Races Department to carry out development program in the border areas- 21 regions. They are (1) Kachin state (2) Kayah state (3) Kayin state (4) Chin state (5) Mon state (6) Rakhine state (7) Shan state (8) Pa-O self Administered Zone (9) Palaung self Administered Zone (10) Danu self Administered Zone (11) Kokaung self Administered Zone (12) Wa self Administered Zone (13) Sagaing region (14) Naga self Administered Zone (15) Taninthayi region (16) Bago region (17) Yangon region (18) Ayeyawady region (19) Mandalay region (20) Magway region and (21) Naypyitaw.

Fatality Rate

Ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1,000, per year.

Health Structures

They are articulated in General and Specialist Hospitals, Dispensaries, Health Centers by State, Region and Township level.

Indigenous Medical Practitioner

A person whose primary employment role is to diagnose physical and mental illnesses, disorders and injuries. He prescribes medications and treatments based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous of traditional medicine that promote or restore good health.

International Classification of Diseases

The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the standard diagnostic tool for epidemiology, health management and clinical purposes. It includes the analysis of the general health situation of population groups. It is used to monitor the incidence and prevalence of diseases and other health problems, proving a picture of the general health situation of countries and populations. All Member States use the ICD, which has been translated into 43 languages. Most countries (117) use the system to report mortality data, a primary indicator of health status. ICD-10 was endorsed by the Forty-third World Health Assembly in May 1990 and came into use in WHO Member States as from 1994. ICD is currently under revision, through an ongoing Revision Process, and the release date for ICD-11 is 2018. http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/

Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months)

Child immunization measures the percentage of children aged 12-23 months who received vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine. (http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/en/)

Iodized Salt Consumption Rate

Consumption of iodized salt refers to the percentage of households who use edible salt fortified with iodine.

Lady Health Visitor

She is a qualified nurse or midwife with post-registration experience who has undertaken further training and education in child health.

Public Health Supervisor

It is a highly responsible leadership and supervisory position within the Department of Public Health.

Social Welfare Establishment

The schools and centers run by the Department of Social Welfare provide various types of welfare services to those who are received in respective institutions. The Government establishes Women's Development Centers and Vocational Training Centers for Women to provide institutional care, health care, counseling, vocational training through income generation activities and teaching of 3Rs. In the training schools for boys and girls, orphans and abandoned ones are accepted. Some boys and girls aged over 5 years are handed from Residential Nurseries and some ones are admitted under the Child Law (1993). Children are given care, social support, formal education and vocational training. The Government also takes responsibility to rehabilitate the persons with disabilities. In the Vocational Training School for Adult person with disabilities, vocational trainings such as silk screen-printing, photography, TV repairing, computer training, carpentry and hair dressing are provided. The School for Children with diabilities accepted children of various types of disabilities such as amputees, children with Down's Syndrome, Paraplegic and children who are mentally retarded as well. Social Welfare services are implemented not only by Government but also by NGOs establishing schools and homes. Government provides grants-in-aids to those NGOs with rice, funds for food, clothes and salary of the administrators of the schools/homes every year according to the rules and regulations. Voluntary pre-primary schools are also provided with cash and technical assistance.

Social Protection Programs have been prioritized and implemented step by step for most vulnerable groups to protect and prevent from socio-economic risks and shocks as well as to promote for their well-being.

Volume of Government Insurance Business

Data are referred to the number of insurance policy, the amount of insured value and premium, the paid claims of main insurances written by the state-owned Myanmar Insurance. The Government started life insurance business on 1st January 1957, and all other insurances business, such as fire, marine, accidents, etc., on 1st October 1961. With a view to safe guarding the interest of general public, the Government introduced third party insurance scheme on 6th July, 1976. Formerly "Air Travel Insurance" was shown in a separate column. Now, it is incorporated under the "Miscellaneous" column since its role is getting smaller. WHO Steps chronic disease risk factor surveillance, Myanmar Steps Survey.

It was carried out Step 1 and Step 2 in Myanmar from March 2009 to October 2010 by Department of Health. Socio demographic and behavioral information were collected in Step 1. Physical measurements such as height, weight and blood pressure were collected in Step 2. The STEPS survey, Myanmar 2009, was a population-based survey of respondents aged 15-64 years.


CHAPTER 3. VITAL STATISTICS

Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR)

The age-specific fertility rate measures the annual number of births to women of a specified age or age group per 1,000 women in that age group. Unless otherwise specified, the reference period for the age-specific fertility rates is the calendar year.

Age Specific Mortality Rate (ASMR)

The age-specific mortality rate (ASMR), also called the age-specific death rate, for a given population, a given age, and a given year, refers to the number of deaths in that year to people of that age for every 1000 people of that age.

Cause-Specific Death Rate

Cause-specific death rate is the number of deaths from a specified cause per 100,000 person-years at risk. The numerator is typically restricted to resident deaths in a specific geographic area.

Crude Birth Rate (CBR)

The number of live births occurring in a population during a given period of time, usually a calendar year, i.e., the number of live births occurring among the population of given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of that area during the same year.

Crude Death Rate (CDR)

The number of deaths occurring in a population during a given period of time, usually a calendar year, i.e., the number of deaths occurring among the population of given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of that area during the same year.

Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)

The number of infant deaths occurring during the same period of time, usually a calendar year, i.e., the number of deaths of live-born children under 1 year of age occurring in a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 live births occurring among the population of that area during the same year.

Life Expectancy at birth

Life expectancy at birth is defined as the average number of years that a newborn could expect to live if he or she were to pass through life subject to the age-specific mortality rates of a given period.

Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR)

The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period. A maternal death refers to a female death from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy.

Natural Increase Rate

The rate of natural increase refers to the difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occurring in a year, divided by the mid-year population of that year, multiplied by a factor (usually 1,000). It is equal to the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate.

Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

Total fertility rate (TFR) in simple terms refers to total number of children born or likely to be born to a woman in her life time if she were subject to the prevailing rate of age-specific fertility in the population.

Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR)

The under-five mortality rate is the probability (expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births) of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of five if subject to current age-specific mortality rates.


CHAPTER 4. JUSTICE AND SECURITY

Crime

Offense for which the main penalty of imprisonment, fine and some accessory penalties ( i.e. interdiction from Public Offices ) are provided.

Prisoners

People sentenced under measures restricting freedom, held in prison in pre-trial detention or serving a sentence.

Traffic Accidents

The Vienna Convention of 1968 defines the accident as the fact that occurred in streets or squares open to traffic where vehicles( or animals ) are involved still or moving , and from which they are derived injury. They exclude traffic accidents with only property damage.


CHAPTER 5. EDUCATION

B.Ed Correspondence Course of the Education of the University of Education

Correspondence course in education is given to in-service graduate teachers by the University of Education. Enrollment in Arts, Science, Law and Economics is accepted in the Yangon University of Correspondence Education (which was established on 1967-1968 academic year) and Sagaing University of Education (which was opened in 2000-2001 academic year). The University was formerly called B.Ed Correspondence Section.

Monastic Education

With the aim of providing the needy children and various parts of the country with education and enabling them to become culturally refined citizen, 1,557 Monastic Education Schools have been opened in 248 townships, attended by a total of 26,074 novices, 15,486 nuns, 137,634 boy-students and 129,775 girl-students in the 2017-2018 academic year. Donations for Monastic Education are offered not only by people within the country but also by people from abroad.

Pupil Teacher ratio

The average number of pupils (students) per teacher as a specific level of education (primary, middle, high) in a given academic year.

The School System

It is divided into three levels: primary, middle, high. Data on Schools,Teachers and Students are presented by Level, States and Regions.

The new system of Matriculation Examination was introduced in 2001-2002 academic year in order to enable students to study their preferred subject combinations. Students are provided extensive and in-depth instruction of individual subjects and taught at International Level. They are required to take Myanmar, English and Mathematics as compulsory subjects and a combination of 3 subjects- Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Geography, History, Economics and Optional Myanmar - Constituting and 8 subjects combination at the level of Basic Education High School as follows;
     (1)Economics, Physics and Chemistry
     (2)Geography, History and Economics
     (3)Geography, History and Optional Myanmar
     (4)History, Economics and Optional Myanmar
     (5)History, Physics and Chemistry
     (6)Optional Myanmar, Physics and Chemistry
     (7)Physics, Chemistry and Biology
     (8)Geography, Physics and Chemistry

The University System

It is divided into Professional Institutes, Universities and Degree Colleges. Classes at the institutes of higher learning were suspended during 1989 and 1990 and reopened in 1991. No examinations were held from 1988 to 1990. Dagon University and the National University of Arts and Culture, Yangon and Mandalay were opened in 1993. University of Computer Studies (Yangon)was opened in 1987, Mandalay was opened in 1997 and Other Computer Colleges were upgraded as Computer Universities on 20th January 2007. The International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University was opened in 1998. Institute of Medicine (Magway), University of Kyaukse and West Yangon were opened in 2001. Meiktila, Hinthada Degree Colleges were upgraded to University in 2001. Myanmar Aerospace and Engineering University was opened in 2002.

Myanmar Maritime University (MMU) was established in 1st August 2002 by the military government per the Myanmar Maritime University Act (The State Peace and Development Council Law No.1/2002). It is the premier university of maritime education in Myanmar. MMU, administered by the Ministry of Transportation, offers five-year bachelor's degree programs and two-year post-graduate diplomas in various marine and naval disciplines. However, Myanmar Maritime University changed to six-year Bachelors degree programs except Nautical Science in 2012-2013 academic year. MMU is one of the most selective universities in Myanmar as MMU is to produce well competent qualified naval architects, marine engineers and scientists. Admissions are based primarily on the marks received in the university entrance examinations. Mingyan, Moehnyin Degree Colleges were opened in 2003. West Yangon Technological University (WYTU) was opened in 2005. University of Public Health, Yangon was opened in 2007. Sagaing University, Taung Goke and Mandalar Colleges were opened in 2012. Harkha Degree College was opened in 2016-2017.

Vocational Trainees

A.G.T.I 3 Year course were commenced in 2013-2014 Academic Year at the Government Technical Colleges and Government Technical institute under the Department of Technical and Vocational Education and Training. The number of students who attended the Bachelor of Engineering Courses at the Government Technical Institutes and Government Technical Colleges under DTVET shows Table (5.13).


CHAPTER 6. HOUSEHOLDS AND SOCIAL ISSUES

Housing Characteristics

In HIES (2001, 2006, 2012) and MLCS (2017), information on ownership, tenure of dwelling and main used of fuel for cooking. In MLCS 2017, information on different type of walls, floors and roofs, type of lighting, good sources of water by dry season and rainy season were collected by using the questionnaire on housing characteristics.This section will discuss the results obtained on ownership and type of dwelling, lighting used and access to sources of water in each dwelling.

National Library Statistics

The function of the National Library is to supply documents and papers required by Government Agencies and also to supply other materials required by the students of Higher Education for references for their term papers. From 1984 onward, the library is opening to the public.

Published books

All private books published according the Printers and Publishers Registration Law 1962. Printers and publishers are required to register under for their work. They have also to submit regular information on books, magazines etc. published, to Press Scrutiny and Registration Office.

Seizure of Narcotic Drugs

All Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances seized according Law on 27th January 1993.The Law calls for control of precursor chemicals and psychotropic substances and money laundering, associated with illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances.

Video Services

All Videos produced, editing, filming, production, duplicated, distributed, exhibited and rented and karaoke according the Myanma Television and Video Act, which was laid down in 1985 according to the PyithuHluttaw Act, Act No.12, amended in 1996.


CHAPTER 7. LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT

Employment to Population Ratio

The proportion of an economy's working-age population that is employed. It provides information on the ability of an economy to create jobs.

Employment through Labour Office

Job-seekers who are registered at Township Labour Offices(16 Labour Offices in Yangon and 64 in different States and Regions).

Labour force

Persons who are either in employment or in unemployment as defined above constitute labour force. The sum of persons in employment and unemployment equals the labour force.

Labour Force Participation Rate

The proportion of the population ages 10 and older that is economically active, namely all people who supply labour for the production of goods and services during a specified period.

Overseas persons employed

Workers placed in overseas employment by the Department of Labour, which provides services (through overseas employment licensed agencies) signing MoUs and Bi-lateral agreements with labour receiving countries.

Employment

Persons in employment are defined as all those of working age who, during a reference period of seven days, were engaged in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay of profit.

They comprise:
   Employed persons "at work", i.e. who worked in a job for at least one hour;
   Employed persons "not at work" due to temporary absence from a job, or to working-time arrangements (such as shift work, flexitime and compensatory leave for overtime).

Unemployment

Persons in unemployment are defined as all those of working age who were not in employment, carried out activities to seek employment during a specified recent period and were currently availiable to take up employment given a job opportunity.

Outside labour force

Persons outside labour force are those of working age who were neither in employment nor in unemployment in the short reference period.

Labour underutilization

It refers to mismatches between labour supply and demand, which translate in to an unmet need for employment among the population. Measures of labour underutilization include, but may not be restricted to:

(a)time-related underemployment,when the working time of persons in employment is insufficient in relation to alternative employment situations in which they are willing and available to engage;

(b)unemployment, reflecting an active job search by persons not in emplyment who are available for this form of work;

(c)potential labour force,referring to persons not in employment who express an interest in this form of work but for whom existing conditions limit their active job search and/or their availability.

Social Security Scheme

Security Scheme was introduced in Myanmar by Social Security Act, 1954 which came into enforce on 1st January 1956. Now, to be in line with the international standard, Social Security Law, 2012, was enacted and has been implemented on 1st April 2014.

According to Social Security Law, 2012. By Social Security Board which the following systems have been operating the three insurance systems among the six insurance systems:

(a)Health and Social Care Insurance System (If the insured person is within 60 years of age at the time of initial registration, 2% by the employer and 2% by the worker, totally contribution for 4% and if the insured person is over 60 years of age at the time of initial registration, 2.5 percent by the employer and 2.5 percent by the worker, totally contribution for 5%.)

(b)Family Assistance Insurance System (Not need to pay contribution)

(c)Employment Injury Insurance System (Only the employer shall be pay contribution for 1 %.)

By the insured workers have paid contribution under Social Security Law, 2012, who shall entitled to medical treatment in time of sickness, confinement and employment injury at the establishment for any cause and although the following cash benefits are entitled:

(a)Sickness Benefit of insured person (has the right to enjoy 60 percent of average wage of the previous four months as cash benefit relation to sickness up to 26 weeks.)

(b)Maternity Benefit of female insured worker (has the right to enjoy 70 percent of average wage of a year as cash benefit relating to maternity up to 14 weeks and then if it is the twin delivery which has the right to enjoy another four weeks for the child care.)

(c)Maternity expense of the female insured workers (has the right to enjoy 50 percent for single delivery, 75 percent for twin delivery and 100 percent for triplet delivery and above of average wage of a month.)

(d)Miscarriage benefit of the female insured (has the right to enjoy 70 percent of average wage of a year as cash benefit relating to miscarriage up to 6 weeks.)

(e)Adoption the child under 1 year of the female insured worker (has the right to enjoy 70 percent of average wage of a year as cash benefit relating to adopt up to 8 weeks.)

(f)Paternity Benefit of the male insured (has the right to enjoy 70 percent of average wage of a year and 15 days leave for infant care.)

(g)Maternity expense of the male insured for paternity whose wife is an uninsured (has the right to entitled half of maternity expense.)

(h)Medical treatment benefit for her child on confinement of female insured (has the right to take medical treatment for her child up to one year.)

(i)Funeral Expense (if the insured person is deceased for any cause, for a person nominate or dependent of those insured that they can be claimed to entitled up to maximum of five times from one time for funeral expense.)

(j)Medical Treatment for Retired (insured civil services after retiring who has the right to take the continuously medical treatment if it had paid contribution for 180 months and above under the combined of the Social Security Law, 2012 and Social Security Act 1954.)

(k)Scholastic stipend for the children of the insured couple earn less than the stipulated amount of income (has the right to enjoy 10 percent of average wage for a child living schools age of education years.)

(l)Family Assistance for natural disaster of insured worker (has the right to entitled 40 percent of average wage of a month.)

(m)Temporary Disability Benefit (has the right to entitled 70 percent of average wage of a month for reducing or ceasing of earning by reasons of incapable to work of employment injury.)

(n)Permanent Disability Benefit (has the right to entitled five years to nine years in lump sum with calculation based on 70 percent of average wage of a month of the partial capacity and total loss of capacity for work due to employment injury.)

(o)Survivors Benefit for deceased of employment injury (has the right to entitled 30 times up to 80 times based on contribution of the insured person.)


CHAPTER 8. NATIONAL ACCOUNTS

Gross Domestic Product

The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. Though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis, it can be calculated on a quarterly basis as well. GDP includes all private and public consumption, government outlays, investments and exports minus imports that occur within a defined territory. GDP is a broad measurement of a nation's overall economic activity.

Per Capita GDP

The total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) divided by the number of people in the country. The per capita GDP is especially useful when comparing one country to another because it shows the relative performance of the countries. A rise in per capita GDP signals growth in the economy and tends to translate as an increase in productivity.

Real Economic Growth Rate

A measure of economic growth from one period to another expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed in real as opposed to nominal terms).


CHAPTER 9. AGRICULTURE

Acre

It is equal to 0.4047 hectares.

Agriculture

Land are classified into reserved forests, current fallows, net area sown, cultivable waste other than fallows, other wood land and others.

Crops

They are classified into Sown(planted) acreage, harvested acreage and production ton.

Ton

It is equal to 1.01604 metric ton.


CHAPTER 10. FORESTRY

Permanent forest estate

Permanent forest estate means forest area that is designated by law or regulation to be retained as forest and may not be converted to other land use. Permanent Forest Estate includes three categories:

-Reserved Forest
-Protected Public Forest
-Protected Area System

Reserved forest and protected public forest area

Reserved forest means land constituted as a reserved forest under Myanmar Forest Law 1992.

Protected Public Forest

Protected Public Forest means land declared to be protected public forest under Myanmar.


CHAPTER 11. INDUSTRY, CONSTRUCTION AND MYANMAR BUSINESS SURVEY

Persons Engaged in Metalliferrous Mines by Type of Mining

Underground workers are defined as those workers who work in the tunnels under the ground. Open working workers are defined as those workers are working below the surface with open cuts.

Housing Development

The National Housing and Town and Country Development Board which was formed in October 1951, was reorganized and reconstituted into Housing Board at the end of 1965. In March 1972, along with the general reorganization of all government departments, the Housing Board became the Housing Corporation and was later renamed as Housing Department. With effect from 1st July 1990, Housing Department was again renamed as Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development. It was charged with planning and execution of all residential housing schemes undertaken by the State. But the responsibility for actual construction work was entrusted to the Construction Corporation which was renamed in April 1989 as Public Works. In 1988-89 the Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development has introduced the Urban Development Housing Scheme under which private contractors are permitted to construct buildings of different designs in the vacant plots of the downtown areas of the Yangon City, with their own monies. After completion of the construction, family units in the buildings are divided according to the ratio agreed upon, by the Department and the contractors. With effect from 1st April 2015, Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development, was reformed as Department of Urban and Housing Development.

Private Buildings

Number of applications submitted to and approved by the Yangon City Development Committee and construction completed. They are classified into two categories viz., (a) new buildings and (b) extension and repairs.

School Construction

Schools constructed by the Ministry of Construction and Private contractors.

Bridges

The bridges statistics were compiled from the Department of Bridge under the Ministry of Construction. It do not include the bridges constructed by other departments.

Economic Activity of Business

Myanmar Business Survey-MBS(2015) covered the distribution of businesses are more than One hundred and Twenty Six thousands which are registered across various economic sectors. In the Manufacturing sector, the vast majority of businesses are Manufactured food products, beverages and tobacco products. Likewise, in the Services sector, more than half of the businesses are engaged in food and beverage service activities. Regarding to the distribution of businesses by size, larger businesses with 50 or more workers constitute only a tiny fraction of the overall economy. Mostly the age of businesses are 20 years and above. The sectoral pattern of substantial variation shows that there is a fairly even distribution between Manufacturing, Trade and Service businesses, Mandalay, Sagaing, Mon and Ayeyawady are more dominated by Manufacturing firms while in Yangon. Moreover, Businesses are mostly registered with Municipal Offices in the respective regions.


CHAPTER 12. TOURISM

Tourist

A person travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for one purpose (United Nation World Tourism Organization's).


CHAPTER 13. COASTAL TRADE

Coastal Trade

Coastal trade statistics are related to the out-shipment and in-shipment of goods by sea-going vessels between Myanmar seaports. Shipping bills have to be filled at the Customs Department if goods are to be transported from one Myanmar seaport to another one. When the goods arrive at the destination, a bill of entry has to be filled if the goods are from Yangon; otherwise no bill of entry is necessary. These shipping bills or bills of entry forms are the basis of statistical information. The date of departure or arrival of the ship is taken as the date on which the out-shipment or in-shipment takes place.There are eleven seaports along Myanmar coast but Pathein and Maungdaw are neither export nor import to Yangon port.

In-shipment

In-shipment is shipping entry to Yangon seaport from other seaports in Coastal.

Out-shipment

Out-shipment is shipping clearance from Yangon seaport to other seaports in Coastal.


CHAPTER 14. FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT

Balance of Payments

A statistical statement for a given period showing (a) transactions in goods, services and income between an economy and the rest of the world; (b) changes of ownership and other changes in that economy's monetary gold, Special Drawing Rights (SDRs) and claims on and liabilities to the rest of the world; (c) unrequited transfers and counterpart entries that are needed to balance, in the accounting sense, any entries for the foregoing transactions and changes which are not mutually offsetting.

Coverage of Foreign Trade Statistics

Data include government and private exports and imports on trade account, gifts, aids, and parcel posts. Sale of goods, whether foreign or national to all foreign trading ships are included in export statistics. All data exclude exports and imports under military accounts. Exports and imports under diplomatic privileges have been excluded since 1966. Starting from November 1988, when border trade was opened, the total foreign trade data include border trade.

Export declaration forms and import declaration forms filled by the respective exporters and importers and checked by customs officials constitute the major source of information in compiling foreign trade statistics. Up to 2000-2001, statistics on rice and rice products, timber, gem, marine products and oil and gas are obtained from the Myanmar Agricultural Produce Trading, Myanmar Timber Enterprise, Myanmar Gem Enterprise, Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings Limited, Department of Fishery and Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise respectively. Since 2001-2002, all exports and imports statistics are obtained from the customs department.

Exports

Domestic exports are exports of national products. All exports are domestic exports plus re-exports from bond and other than from bond. Exports were formerly recorded according to the date of shipment have; since November 1967, they are recorded according to the date of completion of consignment.Exports are credited to the country of final destination or of ultimate consumption. Exports are valued at Free on Board (FOB), namely at port or place of dispatch of exporting country (including export duties, internal taxes and similar charges to the extent that they remain charged on the goods and passed on to the importers).

Imports

They are the sum of goods released direct from Customs wharves for domestic consumption (direct imports for consumption) and goods passed to be bonded (imports into bond). Imports were formerly recorded according to the date of payment of duty have; since November 1967 they are recorded as of the date of arrival of goods. Imports are credited to the country of primary origin or production. Imports are valued at Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF), namely at port or place of arrival of the country (excluding customs duty and other import charges).

Import and Export Indices

Quantum Indices of exports and imports are computed to gauge the changes in the quantity of external trade when the effects on price movements are eliminated. Unit value indices are designed to provide means of measuring changes in the average unit value of commodities exported or imported.

Trade Category-General import figures and domestic export figures for certain selected commodities are used in computing the indices and include trade under private and government accounts.

Method - Both the Quantum and the Price Indices are of the aggregative type computed with Laspeyre's formula. The unit sale of each commodity is the CIF or FOB per unit value of general imports and domestic exports respectively. Base year are 1985-1986, 2000-2001,2005-2006 and 2010-2011.

Foreign Investment

Foreign investors can set up their business either in the form of a wholly foreign-owned or a joint venture with any partner (an individual, a private company, a cooperation society or a state-owned enterprise). The maximum foreign investment capital ratio shall not be more than eighty percent of the total investment amount if the foreigner has formed joint-venture with the citizen to carry out prohibited or restricted business.

Myanmar Citizens Investment and Inducement

Myanmar Citizens Investor can set up their business in the form of private company, public company and joint venture with local companies according to the Myanmar Citizens Investment Law (MCIL) enacted on 29thJuly 2013.


CHAPTER 15. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS

Transports

Railway Transport, Airways Transport, Road Transport and Inland Water Transport.

Passenger-Mile

One passenger-mile corresponds to the transport of one passenger over one mile.

Freight Ton-Mile

One ton-mile corresponds to the transport of one ton of freight over one mile.

Railway Transport

Data represent the operation on all railway lines in the country except railways serving plantation, forests, mines or industrial plants. Statistics relating to diesel locomotives do not include diesel rail cars.

Airways Transport

It includes public and private sectors for all traffic, both revenue and non-revenue, performed by the Myanmar International Airlines on scheduled services, non-scheduled services, special and charter services. Data relating to cargo represent the total freight, baggage and mail irrespective of whether the freight is charged or not.

Road Transport

Passenger statistics include bus and taxi services. Road statistics include Union arterial highways and highways for Myanmar proper only. With the establishment of the new administration in March 1972, data for the year 1972-73 and after, include road under States administration.

Inland Water Transport

Inland water transport statistics are related to all traffic of powered vessels of the government functioning on commercial lines.

Shipping Statistic

They exclude vessels on government duty including military, pleasure craft and fishing vessels.

Communications Statistics

Statistics on perfomance of posts and telecommunications services are obtained from the Posts and Telecommunications Department, Myanmar Posts and Telecommunication (MPT) and Myanmar Posts, while data on television relay stations are provided by Myanma Radio and Television.

Cellular Mobile Telephone System was begun in Yangon and Mandalay in 1993 and 1996. Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) has introduced in Yangon and Mandalay in 2003 and extended to other states and regions very soon.

MPT provides internet services to some government agencies and private companies with an initial capacity of 400 dial-up lines since 1998. In 2014, the Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications allowed private sector inclusion in mobile phone and internet services. At present, public service provider, MPT and private service providers such as Telenor, Ooredoo, Mytel are providing mobile telephone services and internet services in all over the country. Internet and Mobile phone subscription has been dramatically increasing since 2014. Now, mobile phone subscribers per 100 people are 106 in Myanmar.


CHAPTER 16. PRICES AND INTERNAL TRADE

Retail Price

Retail price means the price of a good or product when it is sold to the end user for consumption, not for resale through a third-party distribution channel.

Average Retail Prices

Central Statistical Organization collects average retail prices of commodity from the selected markets in the municipal area of Yangon City as well as all other cities of (82) Townships.

Wholesale Price

The cost of a goods sold by a wholesaler.

Average Wholesale Prices

Wholesale prices are collected directly from the wholesale centers in Yangon by monthly.

Consumer Price Index (CPI)

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the changes of goods and services from household's expenditure that can effect on the actual demand. Price index can reflect the average changes of household's expenditure. Generally, index is a unit and designated as a basis for a year, household's expenditure is equal 100 in the base year. After that, the changes of goods and services are calculated using base year by monthly and year for showing ratio or percentage. A measure of the overall level of prices shows the cost of a fixed basket of consumer goods relative to the cost of the same basket in a base year.
The 2012 base year computes CPI by using the following Modified Laspeyres's Price Index formula:

Commodity Basket

Commodity basket also called basket of goods. A collection of products, raw materials and services which are comprised the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over a period. The basket typically indicates consumer buying behavior across a diverse set of offerings.

The 2012 CPI introduces the UN COICOP classification. The classification is used internationally possible to make international comparison of inflation at more detailed levels. The 2012 CPI basket has 274 products and services, 108 food items, 166 non-food items including goods and services. There are new 116 items in the index, for example new and used cars, mobile phones and mobile phone charges and computers, etc. 2012 CPI based on only non-purchased items are excluded from total expenditure.

Inflation

An increasing overall level of prices is rising in the long period.

Inflation Rate

The percentage increase in the price of goods and services, usually, annually. The inflation rate means the average price of commodities has risen for a long period of time, that situation refers total demand is higher than total supply. In other words, the inflation rate shows climbing price index.
When price rose, the value of money reduced which has to use large sums of money to get needed amount, that growing amount of money as inflation.

Year on Year Inflation

The Inflation can be measured by computing percentage change in current month CPI from month to month or percent change from the same month of the prior year, according to the following formula:

Annual Rate of Inflation (or) Average Rate of Inflation

The average rate of inflation is computed monthly CPI growth rate within a year taking 12 month of year, according to the following formula:

Gold Price

Gold prices are collected from gold dealer by daily for the highest, lowest, and the average prices of 24 carat and 22 carat gold in Yangon.

Co-operative Statistics

Statistics on co-operative activities are provided by the Co-operative Department. The major objective of co-operative society is to procure, produce, and distribute essential goods and services to the consumers through the respective co-operative societies.

Co-operative statistics shows the number of societies, number of members paid-up share capital, bank loan, reserve fund, other fund, liabilities, net profit, and working capital from co-operative societies.


CHAPTER 17. PUBLIC FINANCE, BANKING AND FINANCIAL MARKETS

Public Finance

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Budget has been classified into the Union Budget and State and Region Budget since 1stOctober 2011-2012.

Nay Pyi Taw Development Committee is drawn on the basis of self-financing since 2006-2007.

Some of the state-owned Economic Enterprises under the Ministry of Transport have been carried out their functions outside the Union Fund and Yangon Electricity Supply Corporation since 2013-2014 and Mandalay Electricity Supply Corporation have been carried out their functions with their own fund since 2015-2016.

Social Security has been carried ut their functions outside the Union Fund except for services personal wages and salaries since 2013-2014.

Central Bank of Myanmar is carried out its functions with its own fund beginning from 2015-2016. When Central Bank makes profit, it shall deposit 40% of net profit to General Reserve Fund. But when Central Bank makes a loss, it shall set off from General Reserve Fund.

Currency in Circulation (CIC)

The central bank's liability for currency in circulation is equal to the total amount of currency issued by the central bank less the central bank's own holding of national currency.

Currency Outside Depository Corporations

The currency outside depository corporations is equal to the total amount of currency issued by the central bank less currency holdings of depository corporations (central bank and other depository corporations). It is also equal to the amount of currency in circulation less currency holdings (vault cash) of other depository corporations.

Transferable Deposits

Transferable deposits comprise all deposits that are exchangeable on demand at par, without penalty or restriction, and that are otherwise commonly used to directly make payment.

Money Supply

Money supply is the aggregates money within an economic system in a given period.

Money supply is classified as M1, M2 and M3, according to the type and size of the account in which the instrument is kyat.

Money supply (M1) or narrow money consists of currency outside depository corporations and transferable deposits.

     M1 = currency outside depository corporations + Transferable Deposits

Money supply (M2) or broad money covers M1 and other (or nontransferable) deposits which include savings certificates, saving deposits, time deposits and other types of deposits.

     M2 = M1 + Other (or nontransferable) Deposits.

People's Savings

People's savings covers savings deposits, time deposits, other deposits and savings certificates issued by Myanma Economic Bank.

Savings deposits, time deposits, other deposits are accepted by state owned banks as well as all private banks. Savings certificates are issued by Myanmar Economic Bank under the new Savings Bank Law 1992 and issued various types of denominations: Kyat 5, Kyat 10, Kyat 50, Kyat 100, Kyat 500, Kyat 1000, Kyat 10,000, Kyat 100,000, Kyat 500,000 and Kyat 1,000,000 respectively. The maturity period is twelve years from the date of issue. At the option of the certificate holder, it may be redeemed at any time after twelve months from the date of issue with accrued interest for relevant period. The data is shown in table 17.14.

Treasury Bonds

Two types of government treasury bonds, three-year treasury bonds and five-year treasury bonds are issued with effect from 1stDecember, 1993 with a view to giving an opportunity of investment for the public and private enterprises. Moreover, two-year treasury bonds are issued since 1stJanuary, 2010. The data is shown in table 17.15.

Interest Rates

Central bank rate, interest on treasury bills and bonds, deposit rates and lending rates are shown in table 17.16.

Central Bank Survey

Central Bank Survey in table 17.17 shows the compiled position based on SRF-1SR which covers the Central Bank's balance sheet source data.

In 2004, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) introduced the Standardized Report Forms (SRF), a unified framework for countries' reporting of monetary and financial statistics to the IMF. The SRF allows for cross-country harmonization of sources of data and methodology for the compilation and presentation of statistics in a transparent and consistent manner.

SRF 1SR.

Include data for the central bank (the accounts of the central bank headquarters and branches and, if applicable, the currency board or independent currency authority that issues domestic currency). If the monetary authorities' functions are performed outside the central bank, these should be reported as supplementary data. These include (1) official foreign exchange holdings by the government, (2) currency issuance by the government, and (3) transactions with the IMF performed by the government.

SRF 2SR.

Include data on all resident units in the Financial Corporations - FCs sector (except the central bank) that issue liabilities included in broad money. "Offshore banks" (that is, FCs that are designated as "offshore") that issue liabilities included in broad money should be included in the data in the SRF. The SRF include the accounts of nonoperating Other Depository Corporations - ODCs that are being reorganized or are in the process of being liquidated, even if the nonoperating corporations' liabilities are excluded from broad money.

The ODC sector represents depository institutions, excluding the central bank, that issue liabilities included in the national definition of broad money. The institutional coverage of the ODC sector varies per country, but at the broadest level may include commercial banks, credit unions, savings institutions and money market mutual funds.

Establishment of Domestic Private Banks

The Central Bank of Myanmar has granted the banking license to domestic private banks since 1992. At the end of May 2016, 24 private banks were operating the banking services in the country.

State Owned Banks' and Private Banks' Survey

State Owned Banks' and Private Banks' Survey in table 17.18 shows the positions based on SRF-2SR which covers the consolidated balance sheets source data of Myanma Economic Bank, Myanma Foreign Trade Bank, Myanma Investment and Commercial Bank, Myanma Agricultural Development Bank and Private Banks.

Foreign Exchange Reserves

Foreign Exchange reserves in table 17.19 include gold and foreign currencies. Previously, gold was valued at SDR 35 per fine troy ounce and converted into Kyat at the official exchange rate of K 8.50847 per SDR. Since 1997, the value of gold in the foreign exchange reserves has been based on London Gold Market rate. Foreign currencies are valued at the reference rates.

Broad Money Survey

Broad Money Survey in table 17.20 shows the monetary aggregates positions based on the financial statements of the Central Bank, and commercial banks both state-owned and private owned banks in accordance with the MFS SRF-based compilation framework.

 
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