Glossary CHAPTER 1. CLIMATE, TERRITORY AND POPULATION Mean Maximum Temperature The average daily maximum air temperature, for each month and as an annual statistics, calculated over all years of record. Mean Minimum Temperature The long-term average daily minimum air temperature observed during a calendar month and over the year. Mean Relative Humidity Percent Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum (highest point) for that temperature. Mean Temperature The average daily maximum and maximum air temperature, for each month and as an annual statistics, calculated over all years of record. Monthly Mean Temperature The average of the mean monthly maximum and minimum temperatures. Rainfall The amount of water falling in rain, snow, etc., within a given time and area, usually expressed as a hypothetical depth of coverage. Relative Humidity Percent Humidity is the amount of water vapor in the air. Relative humidity, expressed as a percent, measures the current absolute humidity relative to the maximum (highest point) for that temperature. Date & Time Date is the year-month-day and time is the hour-minutes-seconds which is an earthquake occurred time in UTC (Coordinated Universal Time). Latitude & Longitude Latitude is the location of a point north or south of the equator, expressed in degrees with decimal.
Magnitude Magnitude is the size of an earthquake by recording ground shaking on a seismograph. State & Region State and region are the specific name in Myanmar. Depth Depth refers to the how much deep (kilometer) an earthquake occurred. Location Location is a point on the earth's surface that is epicenter of an earthquake, usually near the center of the rupture area. Catastrophic Occurrences, Losses and Relief Department of Disaster Management provides relief assistance in cash or/and in kind to those who suffered from natural and manmade disasters such as fire, floods, cyclone, earthquake, thunder lighting stroke, landslide, conflict and others. The provision of assistance is based on the data confirmed by the local administrative authorities or/and regional Department of Disaster Management. Causes of Fire and Losses Fire Services Department is responsible for fire safety activities like fire precaution, fire prevention and firefighting as well as for search and rescue activities in case of natural disasters and other emergencies. The information related to the response of the operation and losses of damages are recorded by Fire Services Department. State The territory occupied by one of the constituent administrative districts of nation. Region It is a specific area defined by having its own characteristics. District States and Regions are divided into districts, which in turn are subdivided into townships then towns, wards and villages. Township The region where the boundary is stipulated and formed under the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law by collecting the relevant wards or the relevant village tracts and town as the Township. Town The region where the boundary is stipulated and formed under the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law by collecting the relevant wards as the town. Ward The region where boundary is stipulated and formed under the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law as the ward in the relevant town boundary. Village Tract The region where the boundary is stipulated and formed under the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law of a village or collecting of villages as village tract. Village The region where boundary is stipulated and formed under the Ward or Village Tract Administration Law as the village in the estate which is not included within the relevant town boundary. Urban Area Areas classified by the General Administration Department as wards. Generally, these areas have an increased density of building structures, population and better infrastructural development. Rural Area Areas classified by the General Administration Department as village tracts. Generally, they are areas with low population density and a land use which is predominantly agricultural. Total Population It is based on the de facto definition of population, which counts all persons who were within the borders of Myanmar on the night of 29th March 2014 (Census Night). All Myanmar people working in its embassies abroad and their families were counted in the census. The estimates of people who were not enumerated in a few areas in Shan State, Kachin State and Kayin State in the census. Population Density The Population density relates to the number of person in a give administrative area to the surface of the area, expressed in square kilometers (km2). Total Dependency Ratio A measure of the portion of a population which is composed of dependents (people who are too young or too old to work). It is equal to the number of people aged below 15 or above 64 divided by the number of individuals aged 15 to 64, expressed as a percentage. It is the sum of the youth dependency ratio and the old-age dependency ratio. Dependency Ratio The number of dependent population per 100 working-age population. Old Age Dependency Ratio People older than 64 to the working-age population (aged 15-64). Data are shown as the proportion of dependents per 100 working-age population. Child Dependency Ratio The ratio of child population (people younger than 15 years) to the productive-age population (aged 15-64). Aging Index The number of persons 60 years old or over per hundred persons under age 15. Foreigners Residing A person who is not a citizen of Myanmar in which he or she is residing or temporarily staying. CHAPTER 2. HEALTH AND SOCIAL WELFARE Certified Veterinarian A person who has been certified and is employed by a licensed veterinarian. Child Malnourishment: NCHS and WHO Standards Recently, the World Health Organization (WHO) introduced new child growth standards for use in deriving indicators of nutritional status, such as stunting, wasting and underweight. These standards are based on the growth of infants from six different regions of the world who were fed according to WHO and United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) feeding recommendations, had a non-smoking mother, had access to primary health care and did not have any serious constraints on health during infancy or early childhood. It is recommended that these new growth standards replace the previously recommended international growth reference devised by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) in the United States. The prevalence of malnutrition estimated using WHO standards is expected to differ from that based on the NCHS growth reference because there are differences in median weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height between the two. (http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/88/1/08-057901/en/) Development of Border Area and National Races Progress of Border Areas and National Races Department carry out development program in the border areas- 21 regions. They are (1) Kachin State (2) Kayah State (3) Kayin State (4) Chin State (5) Mon State (6) Rakhine State (7) Shan State (8) Pa-O self Administered Zone (9) Palaung self Administered Zone (10) Danu self Administered Zone (11) Kokang self Administered Zone (12) Wa self Administered Zone (13) Sagaing Region (14) Naga self Administered Zone (15) Taninthayi Region (16) Bago Region (17) Yangon Region (18) Ayeyawady Region (19) Mandalay Region (20) Magway Region and (21) Nay Pyi Taw. Fatality Rate Ratio of deaths in an area to the population of that area; expressed per 1,000 per year. Health Structures They are articulated in General and Specialist Hospitals, Dispensaries, Health Centers by State, Region and Township level. Indigenous Medical Practitioner A person whose primary employment role is to diagnose physical and mental illnesses, disorders and injuries. He prescribes medications and treatments based on the theories, beliefs, and experiences indigenous of traditional medicine that promote or restore good health. International Classification of Diseases The International Classification of Diseases (ICD) is the foundation for the identification of health trends and statistics globally, and the international standard for reporting diseases and health conditions. It is the diagnostic classification standard for all clinical and research purposes. Uses include monitoring of the incidence and prevalence of diseases, observing reimbursements and resource allocation trends, and keeping track of safety and quality guidelines. They also include the counting of deaths as well as diseases, injuries, symptoms, reasons for encounter, factors that influence health status, and external causes of disease. The first international classification edition, known as the International List of Causes of Death, was adopted by the International Statistical Institute in 1893. WHO was entrusted with the ICD at its creation in 1948 and published the 6th version, ICD-6, that incorporated morbidity for the first time. The WHO Nomenclature Regulations, adopted in 1967, stipulated that Member States use the most current ICD revision for mortality and morbidity statistics. The ICD has been revised and published in a series of editions to reflect advances in health and medical science over time. ICD-10 was endorsed in May 1990 by the Forty-third World Health Assembly. It is cited in more than 20,000 scientific articles and used by more than 100 countries around the world. (http://www.who.int/classifications/icd/en/) Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12-23 months) Child immunization measures the percentage of children aged 12-23 months who received vaccinations before 12 months or at any time before the survey. A child is considered adequately immunized against measles after receiving one dose of vaccine. (http://www.who.int/immunization/monitoring_surveillance/en/) Iodized Salt Consumption Rate Consumption of iodized salt refers to the percentage of households who use edible salt fortified with iodine. Lady Health Visitor She is a qualified nurse or midwife with post-registration experience who has undertaken further training and education in child health. Public Health Supervisor It is a highly responsible leadership and supervisory position within the Department of Public Health. Social Welfare Establishment The schools and centers run by the Department of Social Welfare provide various types of welfare services to those who are received in respective institutions. The Government establishes Women's Development Centers and Vocational Training Centers for Women to provide institutional care, health care, counseling, vocational training through income generation activities and teaching of 3Rs. In the training schools for boys and girls, orphans and abandoned ones are accepted. The Ministry of Socail Welfare, Relief and Resettlement, Department of Social Welfare opened (11) youth training schools as per categories; (1) Youth Training school for care and development, (2) youth training schools for temporary care and (3) Youth Training schools for corruption and rehabilitation by the Child Right' Law.
Volume of Government Insurance Business The Government also takes responsibility to take care of and rehabilitate the persons with disabilities. There are 8 schools for different types of disabilities operated under Department of Social Welfare. In the Vocational Training School for Adult person with disabilities, vocational trainings such as silk screen-printing, photography, electronic device repairing, computer and hair dressing are being trained. The two Schools for Children with disabilities built in Yangon and Mandalay Regions accept children of several types of disabilities such as those with cerebral palsy, Autism, Down's Syndrome, Paraplegia and hemiplegia as well as those with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. CHAPTER 3. VITAL STATISTICS Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR) The age-specific fertility rate measures the annual number of births to women of a specified age or age group per 1,000 women in that age group. Unless otherwise specified, the reference period for the age-specific fertility rates is the calendar year. Age-Specific Mortality Rate (ASMR) The age-specific mortality rate (ASMR), also called the age-specific death rate, for a given population, a given age, and a given year, refers to the number of deaths in that year to people of that age for every 1000 people of that age. Cause Specific Death Rate Cause-specific death rate is the number of deaths from a specified cause per 100,000 person-years at risk. The numerator is typically restricted to resident deaths in a specific geographic area. Crude Birth Rate (CBR) The number of live births occurring in a population during a given period of time, usually a calendar year, i.e., the number of live births occurring among the population of given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of that area during the same year. Crude Death Rate (CDR) The number of deaths occurring in a population during a given period of time, usually a calendar year, i.e., the number of deaths occurring among the population of given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 mid-year total population of that area during the same year. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) The number of infant deaths occurring during the same period of time, usually a calendar year, i.e., the number of deaths of live-born children under 1 year of age occurring in a given geographical area during a given year, per 1,000 live births occurring among the population of that area during the same year. Life Expectancy at birth Life expectancy at birth is defined as the average number of years that a newborn could expect to live if he or she were to pass through life subject to the age-specific mortality rates of a given period. Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) The maternal mortality ratio (MMR) is the ratio of the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time-period. A maternal death refers to a female death from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management (excluding accidental or incidental causes) during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy. Natural Increase Rate The rate of natural increase refers to the difference between the number of live births and the number of deaths occurring in a year, divided by the mid-year population of that year, multiplied by a factor (usually 1,000). It is equal to the difference between the crude birth rate and the crude death rate. Total Fertility Rate (TFR) Total fertility rate (TFR) in simple terms refers to total number of children born or likely to be born to a woman in her life time if she were subject to the prevailing rate of age-specific fertility in the population. Under Five Mortality Rate (U5MR) The under-five mortality rate is the probability (expressed as a rate per 1,000 live births) of a child born in a specified year dying before reaching the age of five if subject to current age-specific mortality rates. Verbal Autopsy Verbal autopsy (VA) is a method of determining individuals' causes of death and cause-specific mortality fractions in populations without a complete vital registration system. Verbal autopsies consist of a trained interviewer using a questionnaire to collect information about the signs, symptoms, and demographic characteristics of a recently deceased person from an individual familiar with the deceased.
Medical Certification of Causes of Death In principle, hospitals with physicians should routinely record deaths by date and place of occurrence, age and sex of the decedent, and cause of death (COD). COD should be certified by a physician using the World Health Organization International Form of Medical Certificate of Cause of Death. The COD should be coded according to International Classification of Diseases (ICD) standards. Integration of Community and Hospital Causes of Death The causes of community death are ascertained using the Verbal Autopsy method. For the hospital deaths, the causes of death are medically certified by doctors and coded using International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). The causes of death of community and hospital deaths are combined to show the complete mortality pattern for 42 townships across 15 states and regions in Myanmar, which is broadly representative of the national mortality pattern. Firstly, the total number of community deaths for 42 townships by cause is estimated using the cause specific mortality fractions of the verbal autopsy data and the estimated number of community deaths by age and sex in the 42 townships (estimated by calculating the completeness of VA reporting). The individual causes of death of hospital deaths are categorized and mapped to the VA cause list by age-group. Finally, the causes of death of the community and hospital deaths are integrated for each age group (0 to 28 days, 29 days to 11 years and above 12 years), weighted by the number of hospital and community deaths. CHAPTER 4. JUSTICE AND SECURITY Crime Offense for which the main penalty of imprisonment, fine and some accessory penalties ( i.e. interdiction from Public Offices ) are provided. Prisoners People sentenced under measures restricting freedom, held in prison in pre-trial detention or serving a sentence. Traffic Accidents The Vienna Convention of 1968 defines the accident as the fact that occurred in streets or squares open to traffic where vehicles( or animals ) are involved still or moving , and from which they are derived injury. They exclude traffic accidents with only property damage. CHAPTER 5. EDUCATION B.Ed Correspondence Course at the University of Education Correspondence course in education is given to in-service graduate teachers. They are accepted in the Yangon University of Education (which was established on 1967-1968 academic year) and Sagaing University of Education (which was opened in 2000-2001 academic year). Monastic Education With the aim of providing the needy children and various parts of the country with education and enabling them to become culturally refined citizen. Donations for Monastic Education are offered not only by people within the country but also by people from abroad. Pupil Teacher ratio The average number of pupils (students) per teacher as a specific level of education (primary, middle, high) in a given school-year. The School System It is divided into three levels:(Primary, Lower Secondary
and Upper Secondary). Data on Schools,Teachers and Students are disaggregated
by Level, States and Regions. The University System It is divided into Universities and Degree Colleges. Classes of the higher education were suspended during 1989 and 1990 and reopened in 1991. No examinations were held from 1988 to 1990. Dagon University and the National University of Arts and Culture, Yangon and Mandalay were opened in 1993. University of Computer Studies (Yangon) was opened in 1987, Mandalay was opened in 1997 and Other Computer Colleges were upgraded as Computer Universities on 20th January 2007. The International Theravada Buddhist Missionary University was opened in 1998. Institute of Medicine (Magway), University of Kyaukse and West Yangon were opened in 2001. Meiktila, Hinthada Degree Colleges were upgraded to University in 2001. Myanmar Aerospace and Engineering University was opened in 2002. Vocational Trainees Associate of Government Technical Institute (A.G.T.I) three years course were commenced in 2013-2014 Academic Year at the Government Technological Colleges and Government Technical Institute under the Department of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (DTVET). The number of students who attended the Bachelor of Engineering Courses at the Government Technical Institutes and Government Technological Colleges under DTVET shows Table (5.12). CHAPTER 6. HOUSEHOLDS AND SOCIAL ISSUES Housing Characteristics According to the Statistics Law of Myanmar, the Myanmar Living Conditions Survey (MLCS) 2017 was conducted by the Central Statistical Organization. The MLCS focuses on the living conditions of households of Myanmar in 2017. In particular, it provides a wide range of information on how people work, how much income they earn, and how they use this to meet the food, housing, health, education and other needs of their families. National Library Statistics The functions of the National Library are acquisition, data processing, circulation and library development along with the timeline and advanced information and communication technology. Library provide the documents and papers required by Government Agencies and to provide services to the students, researchers and public for their easy use of library materials for references from 1984 onward, the library is opening to the public. Published Books According to the Printing and Publishing Law 2014, Ministry of Information give the notification certificates to all printers and publishers. All the printers and publishers shall be send what they publish (Books, Magazines, Journals, Newspaper and etc.) to Information and Public Relation Department under the Ministry of Information, according to this law. Seizure of Narcotic Drugs Currently, all the drug seizure cases are being prosecuted under the law of 1993 Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances Law which was amended on 14th February 2018. The Law calls for control of precursor chemicals and psychotropic substances and money laundering, associated with illicit trafficking of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances. Video Services All Videos produced, editing, filming, production, duplicated, distributed, exhibited and rented and karaoke according the Myanma Television and Video Act, which was laid down in 1985 according to the Pyithu Hluttaw Act, Act No.12, amended in 1996. CHAPTER 7. LABOUR AND EMPLOYMENT Employment through Labour Exchange Offices Job-seekers who are registered at Township Labour Exchange Offices (18 Labour Exchange Offices in Yangon and 73 Labour Exchange Offices in other States and Regions.) Employment to Population Ratio The proportion of an economy's working-age population that is employed. It provides information on the ability of an economy to create jobs. Labour Force Participation Rate The Labour Force Participation Rate is a measure of the proportion of a country's working-age population that engages actively in the labour market, either by working or looking for work; It porvides an indication of the size of the supply of labour available to engage in production of goods and services, ralative to the population at working age. Overseas Employment Department of Labour is providing services (through overseas employment licensed agencies) for overseas employment in fast and easy way and signing Memorandum of Understanding (MoUs) and Bi-lateral agreements with labour receiving countries. Labour Force Persons who are either in employment or in unemployment constitute the labour force. The sum of persons in employment and in unemployment equals to the labour force. Outside Labour Force Persons outside the labour force are those of working age that neither in employment nor in unemployment in a short reference period. Employment Persons in employment are defined as all those of working age, who during a reference period of seven days, engage in any activity to produce goods or provide services for pay or a kind of profit. They comprise:
Unemployment Persons in unemployment are defined as all those of working age who do not have a job but are looking for a job during a specified period and are available to start working if they get a job. Labour Underutilization It refers to mismatch between labour supply and demand, which translates into an unmet need for employment among the population. Measures of Labour Underutilization are as below:
Youth Youth means when one is young or in the age range before adulthood. The United Nations (UN), for statistical purposes, defines 'youth', as the individuals between 15-24 years. Child In accordance with the ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention No. 182 (1999) and the United Nations Convention on the Righits of the Child, a child is defined as an individual under 18 years of age. Measuring of child labour include all persons in the age group from 5 to 17 years, where age is measured as the number of completed years at the child's last birthday. Child Labour In Myanmar, there is no official definition of child labour, yet. Therefore, the definition referred in this survey is in accordance with the 18th International Conference of Labour Statisticians (18thICIS) resolution, the amended articles by 1951 Factory Act and the 2016 Shops and Establishments Law, where working children of the following types are considered as Child Labour:
Social Security Scheme Social Security Scheme has been introduced in Myanmar by Social Security Act, 1954 which came into enforce on 1st January 1956. Now, Social Security Law, 2012, was enacted and it has been implementing since 1st April 2014 in line with the international standard.
CHAPTER 8. NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Gross Domestic Product(GDP) The monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific time period. Though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis, it can be calculated on a quarterly basis as well. GDP includes all private and public consumption, government outlays, investments and exports minus imports that occur within a defined territory.
Per Capita GDP The total output of a country that takes the gross domestic product (GDP) divided by the number of people in the country. The per capita GDP is especially useful when comparing one country to another because it shows the relative performance of the countries. A rise in per capita GDP signals growth in the economy and tends to translate as an increase in productivity. Real Economic Growth Rate A measure of economic growth from one period to another expressed as a percentage and adjusted for inflation (i.e. expressed in real as opposed to nominal terms ). CHAPTER 9. AGRICULTURE Land Land are classified into reserved forests, current fallows, net area sown, cultivable waste land, other wood land and others. Crops Crops are classified into Cereals, Oilseeds, Pulses, Spices and Condiments, Tobacco and Betel, Vegetables and Fruits, Beverage, Fibre and Miscellaneous. CHAPTER 10. FORESTRY Permanent forest estate Permanent forest estate means forest area that is designated by law or regulation to be retained as forest and may not be converted to other land use. Permanent Forest Estate includes three categories:
Reserved forest and protected public forest area Reserved forest means land constituted as a reserved forest under Myanmar Forest Law 2018. Protected Public Forest Protected Public Forest means land declared to be protected public forest under Myanmar. Protected Area System Protected area means a geographically defined area which is designated or regulated and managed to achieve specific conservation objectives. CHAPTER 11. INDUSTRY, CONSTRUCTION AND MYANMAR MICRO, SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISE SURVEY Housing Sector According to the Population and Housing Census (2014), the current housing stock is 9.3 million housing units out of 10.9 million households in nationwide, leaving a housing gap of 1.6 million units.
Private Buildings Number of applications submitted to and approved by the Yangon City Development Committee, Mandalay City Development Committee and construction completed. They are classified into two categories viz., (a) new buildings and (b) extension and repairs. School Construction Schools were constructed by the Ministry of Construction and Private contractors. Bridges The bridges were constructed by the Ministry of Border Affairs and Ministry of Construction, Yangon City Development Committee, Mandalay City Development Committee and Naypyitaw Development Committee. State-Owned Economic Enterprises In 2020-2021, State-Owned economic enterprises have been updated according to Myanmar Standard Industrial Classification(MSIC). Micro, Small and Medium Enterprise in Manufacturing Sector The Manufacturing sector are the backbone of Myanmar's economic development. Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Surveys focused on manufacturing enterprises in Myanmar and their employees, collected in 35 townships in all 14 regions and states of the country as well as the Naypyitaw Union Territory. The survey conducted in 2017 included interviews with 2,496 enterprises owners and 6,722 of their employees, while in the 2019 survey comprised 2,497 enterprises and 5,071 of their employees. The surveys are statistically representative of more than 71,000 registered manufacturing firms in Myanmar. The surveys explored issues pertaining to business practices, owner characteristics, production and technology characteristics, sales and cost structure, access to finance, taxes, employment, net-works and economic constraints and potentials. CHAPTER 12. TOURISM Tourist (or overnight visitor) A tourist (or overnight visitor) is defined as a person travelling to and staying in places outside their usual environment for one purpose (United Nations World Tourism Organization). Visitor A visitor is a traveller taking a trip to a main destination outside his/her usual environment, for less than a year, for any main purpose (business, leisure or other personal purpose) other than to be employed by a resiednt entity in the country or place visited (United Nations World Tourism Organization).
CHAPTER 13. FOREIGN TRADE AND INVESTMENT Balance of Payments The Balance of Payments is a statistical statement that summarizes transactions between residents and nonresidents during a defined period. It consists of the current account, the capital account, and the financial account. The current account shows flows of goods, services, primary income, and secondary income between residents and nonresidents. The capital account shows credit and debit entries for non- produced nonfinancial assets and capital transfers between residents and nonresidents. The financial account shows net acquisition and disposal of financial assets and liabilities. (Balance of Payments manual-6 (BPM-6)) Coverage of Foreign Trade Statistics Data include government and private exports and imports on trade account, gifts, aids, and parcel posts. Sale of goods, whether foreign or national to all foreign trading ships are included in export statistics. All data exclude exports and imports under military accounts. Exports and imports under diplomatic privileges have been excluded since 1966. Starting from November 1988, when border trade was opened, the total foreign trade data include border trade.
Exports Domestic exports are exports of national products. All exports are domestic exports plus re-exports from bond and other than from bond. Exports were formerly recorded according to the date of shipment have; since November 1967, they are recorded according to the date of completion of consignment. Exports are credited to the country of final destination or of ultimate consumption. Exports are valued at Free on Board (FOB), namely at port or place of dispatch of exporting country. Imports They are the sum of goods released direct from Customs wharves for domestic consumption (direct imports for consumption) and goods passed to be bonded (imports into bond). Imports were formerly recorded according to the date of payment of duty have; since November 1967 they are recorded as of the date of arrival of goods. Imports are credited to the country of primary origin or production. Imports are valued at Cost, Insurance and Freight (CIF), namely at port or place of arrival of the country. Import and Export Indices Quantum Indices of exports and imports are computed to gauge the changes in the quantity of external trade when the effects on price movements are eliminated. Unit value indices are designed to provide means of measuring changes in the average unit value of commodities exported or imported.
Myanmar Investment Law The Myanmar Investment Law was enacted on 18th October 2016, integrating Foreign Investment Law (2012) and the Myanmar Citizens Investment Law (2013) to create a fairer and more level playing field between foreign and domestic investors as well as to create a better investment environment. Myanmar Citizen Investor Myanmar Citizen Investor means a citizen who invests within the Union. In this expression, Myanmar companies and branch offices, and other enterprises established and registered in accordance with the Myanmar Companies Law are included. Foreign Investment Foreign Investment means any direct investment made by a foreign investor within the Union. Permitted Amount The permitted amount means the investment amount of the approved investment projects by the Myanmar Investment Commission. CHAPTER 14. TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATIONS Transports Railway Transport, Airways Transport, Road Transport and Inland Water Transport. Passenger-Mile One passenger-mile corresponds to the transport of one passenger over one mile. Freight Ton-Mile One freight ton-mile corresponds to the transport of one ton of freight over one mile. Railway Transport Data represent the operation on all railway lines in the country except railways serving plantation, forests, mines or industrial plants. Statistics relating to diesel locomotives do not include diesel rail cars. Air Transport It includes public and private sectors for all traffic, both revenue and non-revenue, performed by the Myanmar Airlines on scheduled services, non-scheduled services, special and charter services. Data relating to cargo represent the total freight, baggage and mail irrespective of whether the freight is charged or not. Road Transport Passenger statistics include bus and taxi services. Passenger tickets and haulage form the basis for compilation of passenger statistics and freight statistics respectively. Road statistics include Union arterial highways and highways for Myanmar proper only. With the establishment of the new administration in March 1972, data for the year 1972-73 and after, include road under States administration. Inland Water Transport Inland water transport statistics are related to all traffic of powered vessels of the government functioning on commercial lines. Shipping Statistics They include fishing vessels, pleasure craft, tanker, container vessels, general cargo and passenger vessels except military vessels on government duty. Communications Statistics Statistics on perfomance of posts and telecommunications services are obtained from the Posts and Telecommunications Department, Myanma Posts and Telecommunications (MPT), Myanmar Posts and Yatanarpon Teleport, while data on television relay stations are provided by Myanma Radio and Television. Cellular Mobile Telephone System was begun in Yangon and Mandalay in 1993 and 1996. Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) has introduced in Yangon and Mandalay in 2003 and extended to other states and regions very soon.
CHAPTER 15. PRICES AND INTERNAL TRADE Retail Price Retail price means the price of a good or product when it is sold to the end user for consumption, not for resale through a third-party distribution channel. Average Retail Prices Central Statistical Organization collects average retail prices of commodity from the selected markets in the municipal area of Yangon City as well as all other cities of (82) Townships. Wholesale Price The cost of a goods sold by a wholesaler. Average Wholesale Prices Wholesale prices are collected directly from the wholesale centers in Yangon by monthly. Consumer Price Index (CPI) The Consumer Price Index measures the changes in price of goods and services from a household's expenditure. Movements in the price index reflect changes in the average household expenditure. The index is a measurement unit designed to show changes in price level over time through comparison to a base year. The price index is equal to 100 for the base year. CPI uses a base year of 2012. The changes in prices of goods and services are calculated in reference to the base year for monthly or annual figures showing a ratio or percentage. A measure of the overall level of prices shows the cost of a fixed basket of consumer goods relative to the cost of the same basket in a base year.
Commodity Basket Commodity basket also called basket of goods. A collection of products, raw materials and services which are comprised the Consumer Price Index (CPI) over a period. The basket typically indicates consumer buying behavior across a diverse set of offerings.
Inflation An increasing overall level of prices is rising in the long period. Inflation Rate The percentage increase in the price of goods and services, usually, annually. The inflation rate means the average price of commodities has risen for a long period of time, that situation refers total demand is higher than total supply. In other words, the inflation rate shows climbing price index.
Year on Year Inflation The Inflation can be measured by computing percentage change in current month CPI from month to month or percent change from the same month of the prior year, according to the following formula: Annual Average Rate of Inflation The average rate of inflation is computed monthly CPI growth rate within a year taking 12 month of year, according to the following formula: Gold Price Gold prices are collected from gold dealer by daily for the highest, lowest, and the average prices of 24 carat and 22 carat gold in Yangon. Cooperative Statistics Statistics on cooperative activities are provided by the Cooperative Department. The major objective of cooperative society is to procure, produce, and distribute essential goods and services to the consumers through the respective cooperative societies.
CHAPTER 16. PUBLIC FINANCE, BANKING AND FINANCIAL MARKETS Public Finance The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Budget has been classified into the Union Budget and State and Region Budget since 1st October 2011-2012.
Government Debt Stock Government debt stock refers to the total value of the government debt that a government owes to all external and domestic lenders. Domestic Debt Stock Domestic debt stock is the debt that the government owes to Central Bank of Myanmar, State-Owned Banks, Private Banks, Foreign Banks Branches and Securities Companies. External Debt Stock External debt stock is the debt that the government owes to foreign lenders like ADB, World Bank and etc. Repayment Principle Repayment Principle is the periodic payment based on due date that is used to reduce the outstanding loan amount. Money Supply Money Supply is the total value of money available in an economy at a point of time. There are several ways to define money such as M1, M2 and M3, etc.
Currency outside Depository Corporations Currency outside Depository Corporations is the domestic currency included in broad money and is complied as currency in circulation less currency holdings in the vaults of other depository corporations (banks). Transferable (Demand) deposits Transferable (Demand) deposits comprise all deposits that are exchangeable on demand at par, without penalty or restriction, and that are otherwise commonly used to directly make payments. People's Savings(Other Deposits) People's savings or other deposits comprise all claims, other than transferable deposits, that are represented by evidence of deposits. It includes saving deposits, time deposits, saving certificates, and other types of deposits. Foreign Exchange Rates Starting from 2012-2013, managed floating foreign exchange rate is used. Starting from 1st April 2013, the daily reference foreign exchange rates are obtained from Central Bank of Myanmar.
Treasury Bonds Issuing Government Treasury Bonds before 2016 On behalf of the Government, the Central Bank of Myanmar (CBM) has issued the 3-years and 5-years Government Treasury Bonds since 1993. On January 1st, 2010, CBM issued 2-years Government Treasury Bonds and the interest rates of 2-years, 3-years and 5-years Government Treasury Bonds are 8.75%, 9% and 9.5% respectively. Issuance of Government Treasury Bills and Bonds by Auction In order to reduce CBM Financing, the Government Treasury Bill has been issuing since January 28th, 2015 and Bond has been issuing since September 20th, 2016 with Scripless System in line with the international standards. According to the Agency Agreement between Ministry of Planning and Finance (MoPF) and CBM, CBM is acting as the agent of MoPF but Treasury Department manages all process on behalf of MoPF for the issuance of Government Securities.
Interest Rates Central bank rate, interest on treasury bills and bonds, deposit rates and lending rates are shown in table 16.19. Central Bank Survey Central Bank Survey in table 16.20 shows the components of monetary base and its assets that are compiled based on the Central Bank's balance sheet data. Other Depository Corporations Survey Other Depository Corporations Survey in table 16.21 shows the assets and liabilities positons that are compiled based on the consolidated balance sheets data of domestic banks which are Myanma Economic Bank, Myanma Foreign Trade Bank, Myanma Investment and Commercial Bank, Myanma Agricultural Development Bank, Private Banks and Foreign Bank Branches. Foreign Exchange Reserves Foreign Exchange reserves in table 16.22 include gold and foreign currencies. Previously, gold was valued at SDR 35 per fine troy ounce and converted into Kyat at the official exchange rate of K 8.50847 per SDR. Since 1997, the value of gold in the foreign exchange reserves has been based on London Gold Market rate. Foreign currencies are valued at the reference rates. Depository Corporations Survey Depository Corporations Survey consolidates the Central Bank Survey and the Other Depository Corporations Survey. In table 16.23 it shows the monetary aggregates positions, and assets that are claims on other sectors of the domestic economy. Share Trading Share trading in Yangon Stock Exchange shown in Table 16.27 means buying and selling the share of listed companies on Yangon Stock Exchange. At this moment, there are six listed companies on Yangon Stock Exchange, namely First Myanmar Investment Public Co. Ltd (FMI), Myanmar Thilawa SEZ Holding Public Ltd(MTSH), Myanmar Citizens Bank Ltd (MCB), First Private Bank Ltd(FPB), TMH Telecom Public Co Ltd(TMH), Ever Flow River Group Public Co., Ltd.(EFR), Amata Holding Public Co. Ltd (AMATA). Trading the Government Securities at Secondary Market Trading the government securities through securities companies at secondary market shown in Table 16.28 includes treasury bonds and treasury bills. The secondary market is a marketplace where investors can buy and sell treasury bonds and treasury bills. A key difference compared to the primary market is that proceeds from the sale of treasury bonds and treasury bills go to the counterparty, which could be an investor or a dealer, whereas in the primary market, money from investor goes directly to the issuer. Securities Account A securities account is an account that holds securities on behalf of an investor with a securities company. At this moment, there are six securities companies namely KBZ Securities Co., Myanmar Securities Exchange Centre Co., AYAtrust Securities Co., CB Securities Co., KTZRH Securities Co. and UAB Securities Co. |
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